hettinger



J. HETTINGEH. AERIAL coNDucToR Fon wmLEss SIGNALING Mmmm-:R PuRPoss`. APPLICATION` FILED JUNE 4,1917.

1,309,03 1. Patented July s, 1919.

4 SHEETS-SHEET l.

axnxoloxaloxo nexexaxexolu {aloxexoxonm J. HETTINGER. AERIAL coNnucToR Fon wmELEs-svs'lGN/IUNG ANp OTHER-PUR Poses.

Patented July 8, 1919.l

I APPLICATION FILED IUNE4. 1917.-

4 SHIzETS-SHEET 2.

1. HETTINGEH. AERIAL CONDUCTOR FOR WIRELESS SIGNALING ANO .OTHER PURPOSES.

APPLICATIONl FILED JUNE 4.19I1. f 1,309,031, Patented JuIyIS, 1919.

yA. INTERIORv F. ma lli RTM/.ZW 15' f I ATTORNEY J. HETTINGER.

` AERIAL CONDUCTOR FOR WIRELESS SIGNALING AND OTHER PURPOSESH APFucATloN FILED 1uNE4. um.v

Patented my 8,v 1919.l

4 SHEETS-SHEET'` 4- provements in JOHN HETTINGER, 0F STREATHAM, LONDON, ENGLAND.

AERIAL CONDUCTOR FOR WIRELESS SIGNALING AN D OTHER PURPOSES.

To all 11i/wm it may concern:

Be it known that I, JOHN HETTINGER, a subject of the King of Great Britain and Ireland, residing at 34 Ribblesdale road, Streatham, London, S. IV., 16, England, have invented ei-tain new and useful Imand Relating to Aerial Conductors for -lVireless Signaling and other urposes, of which the following is a speciiication.

This invention relates to an improved method of propagating electric energy at a distance without connecting wires and of` collecting such energy, the invention being more particularly intended for use inl wireless telegraphy and telephony but generally useful also for other purposes, such as the production of electric disturbances at a distance, yfor instance in or from airships or ly' ing machines, the explosion of bombs or mines, etc.

The main object of the invention is to provide a substitute for transmitting and receiving aci'ials high or elevated supporting means, other objects of the invention being hereinafter more particularly referred to in connection with the various applications-of the fundamental idea.

The invention broadly consists in the utilization of a long beam ofionized or ionizing medium-.such as a searchlight beam of ultra-violet rays produced by means of a suitable electric arc or mercury vapor lamp-as a substitute for a long conductor of electricity, which may be led thereto in the form ofcontinuous currents or of impulses or alternating currents of low or high frequency and of low or high potential, according to the particular application and pui'- pose of the electric circuit in which said long beam is include AThe invention also consistsv in the utilization of the long beam of ionized or ionizing medium as a transmitting or receiving aerial for wireless telcgiaphy and telephony, hereinafter referred to as the ionized beam aerial.

The invention also consists in the arrangements of ionized beam aeiials and long ionized conductors as hereinafter more particularly referred to by way of example.

I Wish it to be understood that the present invent-ion does not include the method of Wireless signaling in which a beam of light or ultra-violet rays is utilized for changing Specification of Letters Patent.

which does not require any.

Patented July s, i919.

Application led .Tune 4, 1917. Serial No. 172,792.

the electrical conductivity ofa selenium cell, nor the method in which the beam of light produced by a spark discharge oi' by another source of ultra-violet rays is utilized to cause a discharge through -another distant spark gap, the method according to the present invention differing from these well known.

methods, mainly in that according to the present invention electricity is actually conveyed to and propagated through the beam -employed, the beam actuallyA forming part of an electric circuit. l

In order that the essence of the invention may be better understood, it may be advisable to explain some of the phenomena ou which the .invention is specifically. i

Accordingv to the invention, a portion'of the atmosphere is continuously ionized along .a beam so as to render it more conductive than the remaining portion thereof, and a good electrical connection is established between-the said beam and the metallic portion of the electric circuit in which the beam is substituted for another long `conductor. In view' of the fact that the air along the beam is not inclosed but is in actual contact with the remaining part of the atmosphere, there is a certain amount of diffusion with the consequence that the surrounding atmosphere in the immediate neighborhood of the beam is also rendered conductive to a less extent, the conductivity decreasing continuousl' and quickly along circles concentric with the beam, also gradually ydecreasing from its electrical connection inthe direction 'of the beam facing that although ionizat'on is continuouslyv maintained along a predetermined line, viz., along the beam, the substitute conductor is not to be supposed to have the actual form ofthe beam, but a form 7depending upon the circumstances above referredto,'the line of comparatively strongest conductivity being 1n the center ot the beam, with small deviations therefrom in the case of moderate based a little more movements of air.. The substitute conductor according to the invention, when used Vlasan aerial for purposes may therefore be compared to an elevated conductormf large surface in electrical connection with a lmetallic circuit, the other end of which is earthed. The potential imparted to the electrical connection with the beam, tries to equalize itself'alon the beam conductor as above defined, and t e whole system thus absorbs a 'large amount of energy ras compared with the energy that could be im, parted thereto without the ionized beam` In the latter case, all the lines of electric force would be bent toward the earth practically immediately after leaving the outer end of themetallic circuit. In the arrangement according to the present invention, however, a current will flow along the lines of least resistance,fviz., upward within the beam and immediately around the same, more particularly along the Center ofthe beam, and there will be lines of force Which will start bending downward toward4 the end of a sparkvgapa. (see ign-.1), -ofthe'aV earth at a much higher point than in the case without. an ionized beam'. 'While the amount of current actually flowing through the beam may be small vand decrease continuously toward the upper end of the beam, it is to be remembered that this is not material in the case of an aerial, it being' known that the current flowing through the aerial, and more particularly through the upper part thereof, may be small as longl as the potential is high in the upper part thereof, and the current large a't its earthing point. The electrical connection of the ionized beam with a point of high potential andthe absorption of great energy by such a beam insures the fullment of these conditions.

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate diagrammatically and by way of 'eX- ample various arrangements and details'for carrying the invention into effect 2.--

Figures 1, 2, 3, 4C, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 9a illustrate various arrangements of aerials.

Figs. 10, 11, 12,13, 1 3, 14e, 14a, 15 l5, 16, 16a, 17, 17a, 18, 18*l and 19 illustrate various forms of electrical beam connections.

Fig. 20 shows a detail.

Fig. 21 illustrates a modification wherein the source of oscillations Ais also used as the source of the beam. A

Fig. 22 shows the forni of applicationfof the invention to submarines, and

Fig. 23 illustrates one form of'application of the invention to the detection of aircraft in space. l

Figs. 24, 24, 25, 25a, 2 6, 27, 28, 29 and 29 illustrate different modiiications for carrying the invention into effect. Y

According to one arrangement, 'the one secondary of an oscillation transformer, (see Fig. 2), or of a self-induction coil or condenser (see Fig. 3), 'forming part of an oscillatory circuit is connected at a withthe ionized beam aerial. b,n which inay be produced at c as hereinbefore referred to,'the other end thereof being connected lto earth or its'equivalent, or with another ionized beam aerial which is parallel to the first ionized beam aerial, (see Fig. 4), intersects the latter at any desired height from thc earth, (see Fig. 5), or has any other suitable position relatively thereto, the sources of the beams being arranged at any desired distance apart from each other.

According to a modification, (see Fig. 6), two intersecting ionized beam aerials are associated with two separate oscillatory circuits respectively, while according to another modification, (see Fig. 7), the second intersecting ionized beamaerial is earthed but is not connected to an oscillatory circuity except through the first ionized bea-m aerial,

tiple parallel, (see Fig. of the triangular directive (see Figs. 5 to l, or of any other type in which a number of ,wires have hitherto vbeen connectedtogether in an open or closed circuit aerial. The plurality of ionized beam aerials may be produced from one single source by using reflectors. 'Such an arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 9 in which the source c ofthe beam is arranged to throw the beams reflectors c1 which reflect the same in such. directions as to intersect with one another where required.

The connection between the metallic ortions of the electric circuits and the ionized beam aerials is preferably effected by means which are known to facilitate the discharge of electricity, such as rods with pointed ends, etc.- The connecting rods or plates may be arranged within the ionized beam parallel 0r at, any suitable angle thereto and maybe replaced b or be used in conjunction with a metal cy inder or truncated cone in touch with and surrounding the beam. The conv nection with the ionized beam may also be effected by means of wire gauze or by a perforated metal plate or superposed plates arranged across the beam, or by metal reiiectors suitably `inclined relatively to the source of the beam or in any other suitable manner.

' Figs. 10 .to 18a illustrate' various beam connections which are subdivided for the tion shown in-F-ig. 12 comprises a series of grids or pieces of wire gauze a as shown in Figs. 10 and 11 superposed upon one another and electricall l connected together.A

The connectionillustrated in Figs. 13 and .I 13a consists of a series ders a electrically connected together, Hic

connection shown -in Figs. 14 and 14 of a series of pointed rods a supported on bars a1 electrically connected together, and the connection illustrated inFigs. 15 and 15a of a perforated plate al extensions a.

According to another trated in Figs. 16 and 16a, the connection may consist of several series of pointed metal pieces a supported on rods a1 and penetrat` ing into the interior of a cylinder of insulating material a2, the pointed ends being preferably inclined of the beam passing through the cylinder.

Accordingto a further modiicationillustrated in Figs. 17 and 17a, the connection may consist of a series of metallic plates a1 provided with serrations a, the .pointed ends of which are preferably directed in the forward direction of the beam, which is split up by the plates a Figs. 18 and 18a illustrate a reflecting connection consistin of a metallic plate aiL carrying a plurallty of small metallic surfaces a by which the beam is reiiected in the required direction. i l

A further form of electrical connection is illustrated in Fig; 19; the same consists of a bank ofv metal tubes a of small dialneter, the diameter preferably increasing to- Ward the ends of the tubes facing awayvfrom the source of the beam.

It is known thatwhen certain metals are charged, more particularly with negative electricity, they have the property of becoming discharged under and it has been ascertained that this discharge is due to ultra-violet'and other rays, and to be surface of the metal. This property of cerl tain metals is generally referred to as a referred to, has to place, OI reduced' as .m .Surface facflngv .electrical connection a in a direction away from the source of the beam. With this object in view, the photo-electric eii'ect. above be assisted in every respect on the surface of the connection facing away from the source'ol the beam, While the same has to `be much as possible on the instance, the surface ofthe ganzes or perforated plates facing away 'from the so rce may be highly polisheg'jthe op isite of concentric cylin- 'ultra-violet rays.

provided with tubularA modilication illus-i b in the forward directionis employed,

the action of light,

dependent upon the state of the open'at its outer photo-electric property Supplied aerial or collected by the receiving 'ionized prevented from taking source ofthe beam; for

surface may be covered with a material which is not transparent with respect to The same object may also be attained by making lthe connection by means Aof a metal which is little sensitive with regard to the photo-electric phenomenon, such as copper, provided on the surface facing away from the sourcey of the eam with a covering of metal which is very sensitive with respect to that phenomenon, such kas rubidium or an alloy of potassium or sodium.

The discharge of electricity from-the electrical connection a toward the source of the beam may also-be prevented, or greatly diminished, by removing or greatly reducing the conductivity of the beam between its source and the electrical beam connection by causing a direct alternating or. oscillat mg current to iow across the beam in the part thereof lying between the source of the I beamand the electrical connection. This flow of current4 may be producedby means of an electric field, for instance, as shown in Fig. 20 (see also Fig. 25a), thetWo platesl (l of a condenser being connectedto the two poles of a source d1 of constant potential which may be replaced by an' alternating current supply circuit of low or high frequency, which may ting system. For the production of the beam, use may be made of any ordinary search-light, in which an arc lamp or mercury vapor lamp care being however taken to prevent the absorption of the ultra-violet rays by substituting quartz for all transparent parts usually employed in search-lights.- The spark or arc producing the oscillations may also be employed or producing the beam. In Fig. 21 illustrating such an arrangement by way of example, a spark gap e is inclosed in a cylinder of insulating -material f having an extension f1 which is end to allow the passage ol the beam to the exterior and the electrical connection is effected metal pieces a carried on a support al. electrically connected with the secondary of an oscillation transformer which is earthed. A quartz lens z' may also be arranged in the path of the beam.

The high frequency currents or impulses to the transmittingl ionized beam beam aerial may be superposed upon an alternating electric field of low frequency or upon a continuous electric field of high potential.

This modification is illustrated, by Way -of example,lin Figs. 24'and 24'A in connection .with a continuous electric field, and in Figs. 25 and 25f in connection with an alternating electric "eld.

` Referring to Figs, 24and 2'5, the continul belong to the transmitby a series of pointed ons or alternating iieldof low frequency is set up by connecting the two poles of ahigh voltage continuousl current machine A through the inductive resistances BB, or the two terminals or" the secondary' C ot an ordinary transformer (not a high frequency oscillation transformer) to two electrical beam' connections aa, respectively, `one ci" which is directly connected to the oscillatory system l, as hereinbefore referred to in connection with Fig. 2, while the otherbeain connection is not directly connected to the oscillatory system, and is placed an ionized bca-ni arranged to intersect the beam in which the beam connection rst referred to is placed. Referring to Figs 2l@ and J3, the saine differ 'from lJigs. 2l and 2o, respec tively, in that both beam connections are directly connected to the oscillatory system.

in the application of the invention. to wireless signaling te and from aircraft, use

is preterablymade on the aircraft of one ionized beam aerial directed'downward se that it may strilre the earth, a telegraph wire, the rail of a train, or other conductor, and of another ionized beam aerial which is substantially' parallel to the earth, thereby forming a directive aerial. (See Fig. 26).

The aerial according to the present iiivention, may .be usedin conjunction with any wireless aerial of known constructionfor instance it may be movably connected with the top end oi the usual elevated aerial thereby forming a directive aerial of the horizontal typea Fig. 27 illustrates suoli an arrangement in which the source c ot the beam, together with the electrical beam connection a, which is mounted in an insulated rnc nner on the casing of the source c and is electrically connected with the top of the aerial E, is'inounted on a high support in a well known manner so that it may be turned in a horizontal plane as well as in a Vertical plane,

Attempts have hitherto been made -to transmit wireless signals over long distances by means of horizontal aerials of short height, but such attempts have not-hitherto led to any practical results', such results may however be obtained by combining this kind of aerials with the ionized ybeam aerials according to the present invention, for instance, as shown in Fig. 28, by leading the free end of the horizontal metallic aerial E into the ionized beam by means of a beam connection a, the source of the beam receiv' ing its energy from a source of current G; or by arranging said metallic aerial in a plane of ultra-violet or equivalent rays directed upward. The'latter arrangement is preferably carried out as shown inl Figs. 29 and 29a, by using as the'metallic horizont-al aerial, a long strip E of zinc or other metal which is sensitive with regard to the photoelectric phenomenon, and is bent transiaertury Vapor leien versely to: forni a trough, the ionized aerial Z) being produCctl b* a plurality of mercury vapor lamps c 'of tu ular shape suitably supported the concave part of the metallic trough and being directed upward in a metallic*affial- The receive the current from the source of energy V.

r The invention is also well ada ted for use on' submarines, and Fig. 22 il ustrates by way of example a tran` "ting arrangement used in connection there'el i. The electrical connection e is attached unner part et a metal tube gl 'which is c angeu within a perisc-ape or like tube g1 i latt a condenser inch es E, cir i t. The sys 3cm is ned thrcigh the body the submarine. i he eriscope mirrer (not shown) which may be used dect the beam in desired directi he made oi' metal or the glass used nary niirr rs must be replaced The receiving apparatus may be c up to the beam aerial in a similar r ier-lang ionized beam ata transmitting station connected .to a source of con nuou or ordinary alternating -currents an or nary transmitting apparatus ma i be used in combination with a similar beam at a receiving station connected to a receiver, for the purpose of telegraphic or telephoni munication, the circuit being coi through earth and through the uppe ized layers of the atmosphere, and trical beam connections being effected hereinbefore referred to.

A further applicationof the ionized beam aerialsconsists in their utilization for tecting'the passage of aircraft through tiene containing the .Shaw For this purpose a suitable sensitrI e if ter intersecting each other at a variable point .by changing the directions ci 'the beams in a well known manner, and the beams forming, together with the metallic part ofthe arrangement, an electric circuit, the current-through which is changed by the passage of the aircraft. (See Fig. 23).

I wish,- 1t to be understood that the various arrangements and details hereinbefore referred to for carrying the invention into ef- `feet may be varied without in any way departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and that the invention is not limited to the applications hereinbefore specifically mentioned. I also wish it to be understood that although I have assumed that theconductivity of the beam is due to an lltl ' ing a plurality of ionized mosphcre 4along a long b I'Vliat I claim is :-v 1. Substitute means for long conductors of electricity forming part of an electric cir- -cuit comprising means` for ionizing the atcuit comprising a source of ultra-violet rays arranged to ionize the atmosphere along a long beam and meansfor` electrically connecting said ionized beam to the electric circuit, asset forth. In combination an electric circuit through which electric energy is supplied, a source of ultra-violet rays arranged to ionize the atmosphere along a long beam, and means for electrically connecting said ionized beam to the said electric circuit, as set forth. 5. Aerials for wireless signaling comprisfor ionizing the atmosphere beam and electrically connecting means inserted in said ionized beam, as set forth.

6. Aerials for wireless signaling comprising a source of ultra-violet rays arranged to along a lon beam and electricallyT connecting 'means inserted beam, as set forth.

Aerials for wireless signaling comprising a plurality of ionized beams of the atmosphere, means for ionizing said beams,

vand electrically connecting means inserted in said ionized beams,

asset forth. 8. Aerials for wirel ess signalingcomprisbeams of the atto intersect each other, means for ionizing said beams, and electrically connecting means inserted in said ionized beams, asset forth.

9. Substitute means for long conductors of clectricity forming part of an electric circuit, comprising means for ionizing the ateam, and means4 for electrically connecting said ionized beam to the electric circuit, and for facilitating the ischarge of electricity in the direction of the beam facing away from the means producing the ionization, as set forth.

10. Substitute means for lon conductors of electricity forming part og an electric circuit comprising a rays for ionizing the atmos herealong a longbeam, means for electrically connecting said ionized beam tothe electric circuit, the latter means being such as to facilitate mosphcre arranged the discharge of electricity in 'the direction c source Vof ultra-violet of the beam facing away from the means producing' the ionization, and means for preventing a photo-electric face of the electrically connecting means which is facing the source of the ultraviolet rays, as set forth. 11. Aerials for wireless signalin comprising means for ionizing the atmosp ere along a long beam and electrically connecting lmeans inserted in said ionized beam, the latter means being such as to facilitate the discharge of electricity inthe direction of the beam facing away from the means producing theionization, as set forth.

12. Aerials for wireless signaling comprising means for ionizing the atmosphere along a long beam, inserted in said ionized --beam, the latter means being such as charge of electricity in the directionof the beam facin away from4 the means producing the ionization, and means for preventingja` photo-electric effect on the surface of effect on the surto facilitate the diselectrically connecting means facing the source of ultra-violet rays, asset forth. Y

13. Substitute of electricity forming part of an electric circuit, comprising means fo'r\ ionizing the atmosphere along a long beam, and Spbdivided means 'for electrically connecting means for long conductors said ionized beam' to the electric circuit, 'I

whereby the discharge of electricity into the beam is facilitated, as set forth. 14. Aerials for wireless signalin *comprising means for ionizing the atmosp ere along a long beam, and subdivided electrically connecting means inserted in saidA ionized beam, whereby the .discharge of electricity 1-05 is vfacilitated, as set forth.

15. SubstituteA means for lonl conductors `of electricity forming part o 'anelectric circuit, comprising means for ionizmgthe atmosphere along a long beam, means for electrically connectin said ionized beam t0 the electric circuit, t e latter means being such as to facilitate the discharge of electricity in the direction of the beam facmg away from the means producing the ionization, and means for destroying the electrical conductivity of the beam between saidclectrically connecting means and the ionizing means, as set forth. v

16. Aerials for wireless signaling compris- 20 ing means for ionizing a long beam, inserted in said ionizing beam, the latter means being such as the atmosphere along electrically connecting means to facilitate the disv charge of electricityf'in the direction of the beam facing away from the means prod ucing the ionization, and means fordestroying the electrical conductivity of the beam beftween the electrically connecting means and the ionizing means, as set forth.

l17. In combination an electric circuit through which the electric energy is supplied in the orm of high frequency currents, means for ionizing the atmosphere along a long beam, means for electrically connecting 'said ionized beam to the said electric circuit, and separate means orsuperposing an electric lfield 'of high potential 0n the beam, as set forth.

18. Aerials for!l Wireless signaling comprising means for ionizing the atmosphere along a long beam, a high frequency circuit, means for electrically connecting said high frequency circuit to the ionized beam, a second means for ionizing the atmosphere along a long beam, a second high Voltage circuit,

and means for electrically connecting said second high voltage circuit to the two and a 'metallic aerial, as set forth.

In testimony whereof I have signed my naine to this specification.

.. JOHN HETTINGER. 

